Private Law and Public Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Private Law and Public Law - Case Study Example The public law issue, on the other hand, refers to the criminal liability (for theft, robbery, physical injuries, kidnapping or death, among others) that happened on occasion of the theft or robbery aboard the cruise ship The Minnow. Specifically, the public law issue is whether the criminal law of Liberia (the country of the ship's flag), or the criminal law of Nassau, Key West, and Grand Cayman (the possible place where the crime was committed or any of the elements of the crime occurred) or the criminal law of the United States. For the purpose of the given problem however, the detailed discussion will be limited to tort law and contract law. At the outset, it should be emphasized that the resolution of the contract law issue must be resolved and decided under the law chosen and agreed by the contracting parties as stated in the contract. However, the problem of ascertaining the applicable law in the case of torts is scarcely less perplexing than in the case of contract. The reasons for this are as follows. First, there is a variety of different connecting factors that can be raised by the facts of the case: the place where the tort was committed; the residence, habitual residence, domicil, or nationality of the parties; and the place where the parties' relationship was centered. Second, in the situation where, for example, a wrongful act takes place in one country and the consequent injury in another, there is a serious definition problem in determining the place where the tort was committed. Third, a wide variety of tortuous issues may arise. For example, there can be issues of capacity (can Mrs. Lowell sue on behalf o f her husband), vicarious liability (is DWI liable for the acts of its employees), defences and immunities, damages, limitations on recovery, wrongful death, or intra-family immunities. Should the same law govern these issues Furthermore, there are different types of tort or delict, ranging from simple negligence to torts involving ships. Should the same rule apply regardless of the type of tort involved Fourth, if a foreign tort law is to be applied, this could lead to liability being imposed for torts unknown to the parties which may reflect radically different views and protect radically different interests from those recognized by the law of the parties. The common law rule in relation to foreign torts are derived from three leading cases.1 The law can be summed up as follows: there is a general rule of double actionability (there must be actionability by the law of the forum and the law of the place of the tort) with a flexible exception to this rule based on the concept of the most significant relationship. There is a double limbed choice of law rule derived from Phillips which means that a claimant who seeks to recover damages in the forum for what is an admitted tort according to the law of the place where the tort was committed will fail, unless the claimant proves that, had the defendant's act been done in the law of the forum, it would have constituted an actionable wrong by the forum law. Hence, the Lowells can claim only if the complained act is actionable under Liberian law or the law of the place where the tort was committed if the such act is also deemed to be an actionable tort in Florida (the forum). The second

6 Main Characteristics Of Communication Essay Example for Free

6 Main Characteristics Of Communication Essay (1) Two or More Persons: The first important characteristic of communication is that there must be a minimum number of two persons because no single individual can have an exchange of ideas with himself. A listener is necessary to receive one’s ideas. Therefore, there must be at least two persons-the sender of information and the receiver. (2) Exchange of Ideas: Communication cannot be thought of in the absence of exchange of ideas. In order to complete the process of communication there must be an exchange of ideas, orders, feelings, etc. , among two or more than two persons. (3) Mutual Understanding: Mutual understanding means that the receiver should receive the information in the same spirit with which it is being given. In the process of communication, it is more important to understand the information rather than carry it out. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay (4) Direct and Indirect Communication: It is not necessary in communication that the receiver and giver of information should be face-to-face with each other. Communication can be both direct and indirect. Direct communication means face-to-face conversation, while indirect communication is through other means. (5) Continuous Process: Communication is an endless process, as is the case with business where the manager continuously assigns work to his subordinates, tries to know the progress of the work and gives directions. (6) Use of Words as well as Symbols: There can be many means of communication, like the written, the oral and symbolic. The examples of symbolic communication are the ringing of bell for closing a school or a college, saying something by the movement of the neck,  showing anger or disapproval through eyes, giving some decision by the raising of a finger in cricket, etc.

Larkins Poems Essay -- essays research papers

1. Choose three poems and analyze the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. Larkin’s poems are great artifacts of language; often colloquial and which bring many images to a person’s mind when reading them. We think of these images due to his use of words, standard rhyme schemes and his interesting perception of life transmitted through his poems. This essay will study these three poems; ‘The Whitsun Weddings’, ‘High Windows’ and ‘Sunny Prestatyn’ in order to show the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. ‘The Whitsun Weddings,’ represents the change in life, which everyone goes through. This poem is about a man, possibly Larkin, going on a train heading to the countryside. Towards the middle of the poem, he sees that on every station the train stops at, there is a newlywed couple getting on for their honeymoon. At the end of the poem, he explains how marriage changes you. He uses many nouns to describe what he sees while on the train. The first two stanzas describe in detail what he is viewing from inside the train. For example: â€Å"Behind the backs of houses, crossed a street Of blinding windscreens, smelt the fish-dock.† In this line, he is thoroughly describing each object he passes by, even the smell of the fish-dock. He tends to do this very successfully because he uses clever metaphors in his writing. An example of this could be one from the line above, â€Å"of blinding windscreens.† He is referring to the sun when he says, â€Å"blinding.† This gives an effect to th... Larkins Poems Essay -- essays research papers 1. Choose three poems and analyze the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. Larkin’s poems are great artifacts of language; often colloquial and which bring many images to a person’s mind when reading them. We think of these images due to his use of words, standard rhyme schemes and his interesting perception of life transmitted through his poems. This essay will study these three poems; ‘The Whitsun Weddings’, ‘High Windows’ and ‘Sunny Prestatyn’ in order to show the effectiveness in them of Larkin’s imagery. ‘The Whitsun Weddings,’ represents the change in life, which everyone goes through. This poem is about a man, possibly Larkin, going on a train heading to the countryside. Towards the middle of the poem, he sees that on every station the train stops at, there is a newlywed couple getting on for their honeymoon. At the end of the poem, he explains how marriage changes you. He uses many nouns to describe what he sees while on the train. The first two stanzas describe in detail what he is viewing from inside the train. For example: â€Å"Behind the backs of houses, crossed a street Of blinding windscreens, smelt the fish-dock.† In this line, he is thoroughly describing each object he passes by, even the smell of the fish-dock. He tends to do this very successfully because he uses clever metaphors in his writing. An example of this could be one from the line above, â€Å"of blinding windscreens.† He is referring to the sun when he says, â€Å"blinding.† This gives an effect to th...

Latinos and their History in the United States

Although loosely united by a common heritage as native Spanish speakers from the Americas or their descendants, the numerous Latino groups in the United States are ethnically, racially, and socio-economically heterogeneous; each Latino subgroup representing a distinct culture and geographical area of the Americas. Using the terms â€Å"Latino† and the more official â€Å"Hispanic,† which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted in 1970, to describe the cultures of peoples from Mexico and the countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean is problematic in several respects.The term â€Å"Hispanic† is rejected by many authors as too reductive in its association with Spain and Spanish culture, thereby ignoring the indigenous and African heritage of many Latin American and Caribbean people. The term â€Å"Latino,† based more neutrally on an identity shared through the use of language, is perceived as more useful, if still an unsatisfactory label. â€Å"Chican o† and â€Å"Nuyorican,† more recent terms, are occasionally interchangeable with â€Å"Mexican American† and â€Å"Mainland Puerto Rican,† although the former in particular reflects a political expression of ethnic pride and the latter is now geographically limiting.The distinctions between these terms, even after being outline, remain in many situations vague.   Indeed, even the US Census fails to make accurate and definitive definitions:People who identify with the terms â€Å"Hispanic† or â€Å"Latino† are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the questionnaire—†Mexican,† â€Å"Puerto Rican,† or â€Å"Cuban†Ã¢â‚¬â€as well as those who indicate that they are â€Å"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.† Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before t heir arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.   (US Census, Subject Definitions, 2000)Current statusToday the Latino presence has emerged, as a fact of American life – this diverse group has come to the United States and themselves become â€Å"Americans.† In fact, Latinos comprise the largest minority in the US today according to US Census studies. Furthermore, their data shows that â€Å"the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2005 [was 42.7 million] making people of Hispanic origin the nation’s largest ethnic or race minority. Hispanics constituted 14% of the nation’s total population†Even today, this group continues to endure obstacles of racism in public policy and wide spread discrimination in the US.   Being grouped together has made the situation for many of what can loosely be considered Latino sub-groups both challenging and difficul t.   From the anti-Cuban sentiment in Florida to the anti-Mexican wall that has been proposed by President Bush, despite being the largest minority group in the US, these types of incidents and policies ensure that they remain just that – in the minority.FutureAs the next U.S.-born generations of Latinos come of age, the barriers and pain of systemic racism could be attacked more openly.   Many young people will start to openly reject the assumptions and generalizations that perpetuate stereotypes and keep Latino people in the grip of racism.Historically, in the organized pursuit of civil rights and equality in the United States black Americans have usually led the way. Since at least the early 1900s they have forced the passage of all major civil rights laws and the majority of the pivotal executive orders and court decisions protecting or extending antidiscrimination efforts. Latinos as well as Native and Asian Americans have been able to make some use of these civil ri ghts mechanisms to fight discrimination against their own groups, and this will likely continue in the future.Census data shows that in 2004, 21.9% of Latino people in the US were living in poverty and a further 32.7% lacked adequate health insurance.   Yet conversely, the same studies show that there were1.6 million businesses owned by Latino people in 2002 and that from 1997 to 2002, the rate of growth for businesses owned by Latino people was 31% compared to the national average of 10%. According to 2004 data, 2.7 million Latinos over the age of 18 had at lest a bachelor’s degree.   This means that things could well be shifting in the right direction.   Education and business savvy could well be conquering the effects of poverty and poor medical care. While these people continue to experience racism and ethnic stereotyping, there is an underlying spirit of perseverance that keeps them going and will no doubt pave the way for a brighter future.ReferencesAgosà ­n Marj orie. â€Å"Literature.† Latinas of the Americas. Ed. K. Lynn Stoner. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.Everett C. Ladd, â€Å"Moving to an America beyond Race,† The Public Perspective 7 (February/March 2003)Harry J. Brill, Why Organizers Fail ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).John H. Bunzel, â€Å"Words that Smear, Like ‘Racism,’ Provoke Polarization,† San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2000U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.htmlUS Census Bureau. Hispanic Population of the United States. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic.html

Finding Nemo Essay

Finding Nemo is a film where a clown fish named Marlin living in the Great Barrier Reef loses his son, Nemo at a school excursion to the open sea. After Marlin’s despite warnings about the danger of the sea, Nemo gets taken away by a bunch of divers taken back to a Sydney dentist office. When his son was taken away from him, Marlin goes on a journey to rescue him. Throughout the journey Marlin has his up and downs but in the end he learns how to not be afraid and to let go and believe through humour from Dory, a lost fish he met at the start of his journey. A journey is defined as a transition from one place to another and Finding Nemo directly relates to this from its plot line, a physical journey from point A to point B and how much Marlin changes on the journey. At the start of the film he is a cautious father, understandably though as Nemo is the only offspring he has left after a shark ate his wife and all their eggs. Marlin does everything to keep his only son safe and sets out clear boundaries. Once his son is captured Marlin goes to extreme lengths to get him back and on the way changes as a person. He meets all sorts of animals he never though he would meet or see and learns from each and every one of them. For example, Dory, a lost and confused fish who has no real direction in life due to her terrible memory and absent presence of mind. Dory miraculously remembers everything when she is around marlin and proves to him that not everything is as bad as it seems and to look at the bright side of life instead of only the negatives. An example of this is â€Å"P.Sherman 42 Wallaby Way, Sydney†, the location of Nemo. Marlin was only looking at the negatives of the situation like the distance getting there, the fact that they might get eaten, losing their way and ending up in the middle of the sea instead, being stuck with a lunatic who will not let him be by himself for any period of time and not reaching his son whilst dory provides a positive aspect to the film with her cluelessness and innocence. Dory becomes an influential character because she shapes Marlin’s way of thinking through her speaking manner, recklessness and her willingness to try new things. Dory’s humour allows marlin to let go and believe in fate. An example of this is comparing Marlin at the start to the end of the text. At the start he is dull, boring and only concerned about his boy, when asked to tell a joke to Nemo’s friends’ Dads he responds with a terrible, boring joke that no one finds humorous. He treats the dads with complete disregard doesn’t try very hard to communicate with them. A changing for all this was the run-in with the sword fish, they told Marlin outright he was being rude to Dory and he should always remember to take care of her.

Five Reasons Why Your Writing Matters (Even if No-One Will Take You Seriously)

Five Reasons Why Your Writing Matters (Even if No-One Will Take You Seriously) Five Reasons Why Your Writing Matters (Even if No-One Will Take You Seriously) Five Reasons Why Your Writing Matters (Even if No-One Will Take You Seriously) By Ali Hale Do you ever think about giving up writing? You’ve been working on a novel, but you’re afraid it’s never going to be good enough. Your short stories never win competitions. Your poetry hasn’t been published. Even your blog only has a handful of readers. It’s easy to feel disheartened – especially if you don’t have much support from friends or family. Perhaps your partner just doesn’t get writing, or your friends tease you about it. Don’t give up. Your writing does matter. Even if you’ve never shown a piece of your work to anyone, even if you know that publication is a distant dream, it’s still worth writing. Here’s why. #1: It’s Not Just a Hobby Non-writers often think that writing is some casual hobby – and not a very productive one at that. After all, you might sweat for days on a story, and it still might not get published. If you took up knitting instead, you’d at least have a lumpy scarf or a pair of socks to show for your effort. Writing isn’t just a hobby, though. It’s a calling. Writers don’t pick up the pen (or turn to the keyboard) because they’re bored – they do it because they feel compelled to put their thoughts down on the page. Your writing is part of who you are, and it’s not something to take lightly. If you want to make sure your writing is more than just a hobby, read 7 Habits of Serious Writers. #2: Your Writing Can Outlive You We’re all going to die one day. Of course, memories live on – but eventually, there’ll be no-one alive who ever knew you. Your writing may well outlive you. Perhaps you’ve not got an audience for your memoir right now but it could be an incredible treasure for your great-great-grandchildren. And if you’re a poet, playwright or novelist, you might find that your work lives on long after your death. Just think of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Dickens. Your name could be one that every school child knows in three hundred years’ time. Want to write your life story and get it published? Start with Are You Writing a Memoir? #3: You Can Change Lives Most of us have a pretty small circle of influence: family, friends, colleagues, our local community. Writing, though, lets us reach across the world. If you have a blog – even a blog with ten readers – you’re touching other people’s lives. It always makes my day when I get an email or comment telling me how much one of my blog posts meant to someone. Often, I’ll hear â€Å"this came at just the right time for me†. Your writing could change someone’s life, by opening up new possibilities for them, by teaching them something new, or simply by giving them an experience that they wouldn’t otherwise have had. If you want to start reaching more people, read Aren’t You Blogging Yet? #4: Self-Expression is Important If I don’t exercise, I get cranky – and if I don’t write, I get cranky too. I do some of my best thinking with a pen in my hand, or with a keyboard under my fingers – and I’d bet that you do too. Being able to get things off your chest and onto the page can be extremely therapeutic – more so than simply talking about problems. The contents of your journal might be ephemeral but the act of writing it might be crucial for your well-being. Fiction or poetry can also be a crucial outlet, letting you explore emotions and ideas, and bring structure to them. Not sure what to write about today? Try Writing Prompts 101. #5: You’re Improving with Every Word You Write Perhaps you’re tempted to give up writing because you’re not good enough. Perhaps you’ve had nasty comments on your blog, or you’ve sent off your short stories again and again, meeting with rejection each time. Maybe you’re worried about how to find a literary agent. Even if you’re not quite there yet, you’re learning and improving all the time. Every single word you write helps you to hone your craft and take your skills further – especially if you’re actively seeking to learn new techniques. If you give up now, you’ll never know what you might have been capable of. Take your writing to the next level with The Basic English Grammar Book and 100 Writing Mistakes to Avoid. Where Next for Your Writing? I know life is busy, and that it’s hard to find the time and energy to write. But I’d encourage you to set aside just an hour this week to focus on your writing. If you’ve been reading a lot about writing without actually doing much, then now’s the time to change that. If you want others to take you seriously, it’s vital that you take your writing seriously. That might mean joining a group, enrolling on a course, or simply committing more time to your writing. What will you do, this week, to make your writing a more important part of your life? About the Author: Ali Luke is a writing and writing coach from the UK, with the cute accent to match. She’s just released How to Find Time for Your Writing, a short, practical ebook that’s completely free. Click here to find out more and to get your free copy. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At80 Idioms with the Word TimeWhen to Spell Out Numbers

Pearl harbor and ww2 essays

Pearl harbor and ww2 essays Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. President Roosevelt said this in his speech addressing the nation concerning the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. If the United States had joined the war prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the attack may not have even taken place due to the fact that the ships stationed out of Pearl Harbor would be deployed throughout the world. The United States should have joined the Second World War prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor because of the Roosevelt Corollary, the German violation of the Treaty of Versailles, and it can be proven that the United States entered the war prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. One reason why the United States should have entered the Second World War prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor would be because of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Roosevelt Corollary gave justification for the United States to use military force in the Western Hemisphere when it was needed. Although the Western Hemisphere does not include much of where World War Two was fought, this corollary put the point across of the United States being a police force to help their allies. Roosevelt declared that the United States would, exercise international police power in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence. This statement by Roosevelt can be interpreted to the fact that as an international police power, the United States should have gone to war in 1939 when Germany unleashed Blitzkrieg warfare against Poland. Prior to the German invasion of Poland, Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles. Another reason why the United States should have entered the Second World War prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor would be how the Germans violated th...

Simon Bolivar and the Battle of Boyaca

Simon Bolivar and the Battle of Boyaca On August 7, 1819, Simà ³n Bolà ­var engaged Spanish General Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro in battle near the Boyaca River in present-day Colombia. The Spanish force was spread out and divided, and Bolà ­var was able to kill or capture almost all of the enemy combatants. It was the decisive battle for the liberation of New Granada (now Colombia). Bolivar and the Independence Stalemate in Venezuela In early 1819, Venezuela was at war: Spanish and Patriot generals and warlords were fighting each other all over the region. New Granada was a different story: there was an uneasy peace, as the populace was ruled with an iron fist by Spanish Viceroy Juan Josà © de Smano from Bogota. Simon Bolivar, greatest of the rebel generals, was in Venezuela, dueling with Spanish General Pablo Morillo, but he knew that if he could just get to New Granada, Bogota was practically undefended. Bolivar Crosses the Andes Venezuela and Colombia are divided by a high arm of the Andes Mountains: parts of it are practically impassible. From May to July of 1819, however, Bolivar led his army over the pass of Pramo de Pisba. At 13,000 feet (4,000 meters), the pass was extremely treacherous: deadly winds chilled the bones, snow and ice made footing difficult, and ravines claimed pack animals and men to falls. Bolivar lost a third of his army in the crossing, but made it to the western side of the Andes in early July, 1819: the Spanish at first had no idea he was there. Battle of Vargas Swamp Bolivar quickly regrouped and recruited more soldiers from the eager population of New Granada. His men engaged the forces of young Spanish general Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro at the battle of Vargas Swamp on July 25: it ended in a draw, but showed the Spanish that Bolà ­var had arrived in force and was headed for Bogota. Bolivar moved quickly to the town of Tunja, finding supplies and weapons meant for Barreiro. Royalist Forces at the Battle of Boyaca Barreiro was a skilled general who had a trained, veteran army. Many of the soldiers, however, had been conscripted from New Granada and doubtless there were some whose sympathies were with the rebels. Barreiro moved to intercept Bolivar before he could reach Bogota. In the vanguard, he had some 850 men in the elite Numancia battalion and 160 skilled cavalry known as dragoons. In the main body of the army, he had about 1,800 soldiers and three cannons. The Battle of Boyaca Begins On August 7, Barreiro was moving his army, trying to get into position to keep Bolivar out of Bogota long enough for reinforcements to arrive. By the afternoon, the vanguard had gone ahead and crossed the river at a bridge. There they rested, waiting for the main army to catch up. Bolà ­var, who was much closer than Barreiro suspected, struck. He ordered General Francisco de Paula Santander to keep the elite vanguard forces occupied while he hammered away at the main force. A Stunning Victory It worked out even better than Bolivar had planned. Santander kept the Numancia Battalion and Dragoons pinned down, while Bolivar and General Anzotegui attacked the shocked, spread-out main Spanish army. Bolà ­var quickly surrounded the Spanish host. Surrounded and cut off from the best soldiers in his army, Barreiro quickly surrendered. All told, the royalists lost more than 200 killed and 1,600 captured. The patriot forces lost 13 killed and about 50 wounded. It was a total victory for Bolà ­var. On to Bogot With Barreiro’s army crushed, Bolà ­var quickly made for the city of Santa fà © de Bogot, where Viceroy Juan Josà © de Smano was the ranking Spanish official in Northern South America. The Spanish and royalists in the capital panicked and fled in the night, carrying all they could and leaving their homes and in some cases family members behind. Viceroy Smano himself was a cruel man who feared the retribution of the patriots, so he, too quickly departed, dressed as a peasant. Newly-converted â€Å"patriots† looted the homes of their former neighbors until Bolà ­var took the city unopposed on August 10, 1819, and restored order. Legacy of the Battle of Boyaca The Battle of Boyac and capture of Bogot resulted in a stunning checkmate for Bolà ­var against his enemies. In fact, the Viceroy had left in such haste that he even left money in the treasury. Back in Venezuela, the ranking royalist officer was General Pablo Morillo. When he learned of the battle and the fall of Bogot, he knew the royalist cause was lost. Bolà ­var, with the funds from the royal treasury, thousands of possible recruits in New Granada and undeniable momentum, would soon sweep back into Venezuela and crush any royalists still there. Morillo wrote to the King, desperately begging for more troops. 20,000 soldiers were recruited and were to be sent, but events in Spain prevented the force from ever departing. Instead, King Ferdinand sent Morillo a letter authorizing him to negotiate with the rebels, offering them some minor concessions in a new, more liberal constitution. Morillo knew the rebels had the upper hand and would never agree, but tried anyway. Bolà ­var, sensing the royalist desperation, agreed to a temporary armistice but pressed the attack. Less than two years later, the royalists would once again be defeated by Bolà ­var, this time at the Battle of Carabobo. This battle marked the last gasp of organized Spanish resistance in northern South America. The Battle of Boyac has gone down in history as one of the greatest of Bolà ­vars many triumphs. The stunning, complete victory broke the stalemate and gave Bolà ­var an advantage he never lost.

Lebanese Security Issues and Solutions - Syrian Involvement Essay

Lebanese Security Issues and Solutions - Syrian Involvement - Essay Example Other groups that worsen the complication are the participation of the Libyans, Iraqis, Americans and the Russians ("The Lebanese War", 2005). The 15-years war in Lebanon (1975-1990) has begun from the disputes and political clash since the colonial period. One of the factors that aggravated the war was the conflict between the Christian and the Muslim. Added to these are the nearness of the country to Syria, the political revolutions and many other events in Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization. The growing Arab Nationalism and Socialism in the perspective of the Cold War are the other contributing factors to the conflict in Lebanon. Also included were the trouble between Arab and Israeli, the revolution in Iran and the Palestinian terrorism. To complete the list, the Black September in Jordan, Islamic fundamentalism, and the war between Iran and Iraq are the rest of these factors. The war brought countless of victims. More than 100,000 people were killed and almost 100,000 persons were injured and added to this were the thousands who lost their limbs resulting from the explosion of land mines. More than 900,0 00 innocent civilians were dislocated. More than double of this number migrated to other countries to keep away from the trouble. The Lebanese war can be divided into a number of periods. The outburst of the war was in the middle of 1970s then in late 1970s came the intrusion of the Syrian together with the Israeli. It was then followed by the intensification of the war between the PLO and the Israeli that occurred in early 80s. The invasion of Israeli in 1982 and the involvement of the multinationals were the added factors to the conflict which happened after was the resolution of the Syrian occupation ("History of Lebanon", 2006). Large contingent of Syrian Army was remained in Lebanon as early as 1976. Although the war has ended, the Syrian keeps a total of 14,000 soldiers to maintain the peace and order in the country. With their presence and involvement in Lebanese political affairs, the major political decisions are mostly made in Damascus ("Young in the Arab World: Lebanon", 2005). At first, the Syrian's presence in Lebanon is supported by America for more than 30 years together with the Israelis they favored the stay of the Syrian forces to keep the control of the 300,000 Palestinian refugees in the country. At present, the continuous stay of Syrian troops and its domination to the internal affairs of Lebanon is becoming the concern of U.S. President Bush (Fisk, 2005). Growing number of Lebanese are becoming displeased in long stay of the Syrian troops in the country. The Christians are believed to be the most affected group in the peace and security situation. The presence of checkpoints can be noticed in many parts of the country. Large posters of former President Hafez Assad can be seen everywhere. Spies or undercover agents who are dispersed anywhere brought fear to the people. The Lebanese Government is largely influenced by the Syrian particularly in their major decision making and political exercises. Tension are felt during election, the officials to be elected should be endorsed by Syria. It was only until last year

Oes the molecular weight of polymers affect the performance of polymer Research Paper

Oes the molecular weight of polymers affect the performance of polymer (organic) solar cells - Research Paper Example (b) Key among these factors is the physical properties of bulk heterojunction, which plays a significant role (Kingsley et al. 22). Components of bulk heterojunction require a broad absorption response in the solar spectrum, which then ensure efficient harvesting of the photons. (c) In addition, the energy levels donor, which is usually a conjugated polymer, need to match with that of the electron acceptor, which typically is a derivative of fullerene (Intemann et al. 3190). This implies that the donor polymer needs to possess a deep highest occupied molecular orbital, which will ensure a large open circuit voltage (Xiao et al. 75). (a) The molecular weight of a conjugated polymer influences the effective conjugated chain (Liu et al. 12165). Therefore, molecular weight makes the electrical and optical properties of the polymers to vary, which improves the performance of polymer solar cells. (b) Prior to conducting and finalizing the research papers, the writers expect that correlations will be evident between the molecular weight and voltage, light absorbance, and current density of solar cells. These correlations will be further investigated and addressed in depth in the final report. Intemann, Jeremy J. et al. â€Å"Molecular Weight Effect on the Absorption, Charge Carrier Mobility, and Photovoltaic Performance of an Indacenodiselenophene-Based Ladder-Type Polymer.† Chemistry of Materials 25.15 (2013): 3188–3195. ACS Publications. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. Kingsley, James W. et al. â€Å"Molecular Weight Dependent Vertical Composition Profiles of PCDTBT: PC71BM Blends for Organic Photovoltaics.† Scientific Reports 4 (2014): n. pag. www.nature.com. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. Xiao, Zeyun et al. â€Å"Effect of Molecular Weight on the Properties and Organic Solar Cell Device Performance of a Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer.† Polymer Chemistry (2015): n. pag. pubs.rsc.org. Web. 5 Mar.

Laurell K. Hamilton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Laurell K. Hamilton - Essay Example In all of Hamilton’s novels one can come across a number of contemporary themes that goes well in tune with the contemporary American socio-cultural milieu. For instance, her works deal with such contemporary themes in American literature such as gender, sex, identity, oppression, and morality. The paper seeks to explore what makes Hamilton a contemporary writer who deals with contemporary themes in literature and in doing so the paper focuses on the dominant themes in her writings. The themes of gender and sex are dominant in Hamilton’s writings and it is these themes that attribute her works a contemporary nature even though her plot and characters stem out of mere fantasy. One can clearly see that her women protagonists challenge the very notion of the stereotyped gender and sex roles played by women in a male dominated society. Nick Mamatas is right when the author remarks that Hamilton accomplished something quite impossible by creating â€Å"a new subgenre, urban fantasy-adventure with a female lead, and build a new audience for it† (Hamilton & Wilson, 2009, p. 5). In fact, Hamilton created her female protagonists in such a way that the female readers could easily identify with the central characters and her female protagonists undertake such actions which females thought to be impossible in the real life. In all her novels and short stories, one can find that the male characters are forced to follow the female lead. For instance, in the Anita Blake series, Anita Blake assumes a tough personality who always triumphs over men. Thus, one can see that Hamilton challenged the conventions of a standard fantasy novel where the heroine always played a submissive role to the heroes. Her heroines do not end up their lives in the hero’s bed for domestic-sexual bliss. Usually, in popular fiction, â€Å"even if a woman triumphed over a man intellectually, economically, or rhetorically in a scene or two, by the end of the book the female l ead would be humbled and ready to submit to the male lead† and â€Å"Hamilton changed that† (Hamilton & Wilson, 2009, p. 9). Thus, it can be concluded that Hamilton’s writings depict the changing gender roles played by women and such a theme is very much contemporary in literature. No doubt, the themes related to literature derive the real or imaginary life of man and a theme in literature is said to be contemporary when it represents the existing socio-cultural milieu. The readers feel that the writer is giving vent to their own emotions, feelings, grievances, frustrations and experiences. A close reading of Hamilton convinces one that her treatment of sex and female sexuality was very much bold and unconventional. When one finds Anita Blake at the beginning of Hamilton’s series, she is a 27 year old celibate Christian who keeps strict moral codes in her life. However, one finds her supporting premarital sex and engaging in extra marital relations as the story progresses. However, Hamilton gives Anita a reason to go hog wild with sex, and in doing so she unbridged the gap between humans and monsters. In Cerulean Sin, Anita herself states, â€Å"one of my favourite things about hanging out with the monsters is the healing. Straight humans seemed to get killed on me a lot. Monsters survived. Let’s hear it for the monsters.† It is thus evident that Hamilton’s treatment of the theme of sex and sexuality assumes contemporary relevance. Nathan Brazil, reviewing Laurel K. Hamiilton’

Application of Ethical Theory to a Case Study Vignette Essay

Application of Ethical Theory to a Case Study Vignette - Essay Example The essay begins with that most ethical decisions possess enough clarity for individuals to decide on their course of action rather easily. This is because most of these issues often pit wrong against right. Deciding on whether to embezzle company money, for example, is not a real ethical dilemma since this is stealing. However, things can become murky when there is more than one vital responsibility, right, or value. In this case, one has to choose one unpleasant alternative. This can be defined as an ethical dilemma, where more than one value can be defined as right, thus causing a conflict. The firm, in response to a difficult economic climate, has taken a decision to restructure, which will involve selling off one less profitable operation and streamlining most of its support functions. Inevitably, this will cause compulsory layoffs at the firm. As part of the team working on this plan, Jagdeep knows that the plan is a top secret because it is price sensitive. Hannah is a colleag ue of his who also happens to be a former college-mate, and they often have drinks after work. Hannah, in charge of a five-member team, is eager to hear about the restructuring progress from Jagdeep over drinks one day, wanting to know if her team will be affected. This is of particular importance to her since she is very concerned for her employees and knows of their personal plans, such as two members who plan to take substantial new mortgages. Jagdeep finds himself in a dilemma, as he knows that two of her members are on the redundancy list. Jagdeep faces a real ethical dilemma. Two right values creating a conflict for Jagdeep in making this decision are loyalty and truthfulness. As the case shows, telling a friend the truth would show disloyalty to the firm that pays his perks and treats him well. The paper explores theoretical approaches to making ethical decisions. The approaches are not perfect and may lead to differing conclusions. Using various approaches will help Jagdeep think comprehensively and carefully about various dilemmas and to prevent him from coming to accident-prone conclusions. At the least, Jagdeep can have a degree of satisfaction from thinking thoroughly about the issue and analyzing it from all possible angles. Jagdeep can also explain the process of decision making if asked by both parties in the future. Consequentialist Theory The consequatialist theory can also be referred to as the teleological theory (Banks, 2011: p34). When Jagdeep is attempting to decide on whether telling Hannah is wrong o r right, the theory puts more focus on the consequence of the action or decision. One the best-known Consequentialist theory is utilitarianism. According to utilitarianism, ethical decisions need to maximize societal benefits, as well as minimize any harm it may cause. In this theory, what is of importance is the net balance the good consequences over those that are bad, overall. The utilitarian approach to Jagdeep’s dilemma would involve the identification of all affected stakeholders in the situation and seeking alternative action and the consequences, benefits and harms, for each stakeholder. A stakeholder is understandably any individual or group of individuals that have a stake with the restructuring plan at Jagdeep’s firm. In Jagdeep’s situation, this includes his friend Hannah, Hannah’s colleagues, his boss, Jagdeep himself, other co-workers, and the firm. The list is quite long, making the consequences even far-reaching, whether he told Hannah abo ut the laying off, of her team members or not. The Consequentialist approach needs Jagdeep to perform a mental calculation of all benefits and harms of the resulting consequences, considering each stakeholder individually (Griseri & Seppala, 2010: p46). What would be the consequence of Jagdeep telling Hannah what he knows of the lay-off? What

Lean construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Lean construction - Essay Example In fact, lean construction is set to be considered as the benchmark for other industries as it is for manufacturing currently. Effective tools and strategies can be implemented in the construction industry to implement lean and reduce waste to achieve operations efficiency through improved quality and productivity. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction Background to study Aims and objectives Research methodology Summary Chapter Two: Literature review Production and Operations Management Project life-cycle Productivity challenges Lean production system Lean principles The concept of waste The Toyota way Lean construction Lean and strategy Lean implementation Chapter Three: Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter One: Introduction This chapter introduces the concept of lean management in production and discusses its evolution, importance, relevance in construction, aims and objectives of the study, the research methodology applied and the overall organization of the re search study. Background to study Lean concept is much appreciated, tested and practiced in industries like manufacturing, government, health care and other institutions. Lean in construction has been found to save costs and customers too increasingly prefer lean management of construction for cost savings. As there is much waste that is generated in the construction industry, implementing lean in construction industry can yield cost savings and reduce lead times for the benefit of all. It also found that present construction industry creates value at the rate of 10 percent while generating waste at the rate of 57 percent while in the manufacturing sector that implements lean, the reverse is true as it creates a value add of 62 percent and a waste of 26 percent (Sowards, 2012). Lean thinking was first applied to car manufacturing service but later evolved to be applied to other manufacturing sectors and hence been implemented in other industries as well. Lean implementation challeng es traditional business processes to improve performance to give a competitive advantage to the business. The concept of lean thinking or management is defined as â€Å"the process of continuously eliminating waste in all processes and systems† and was primarily related to production. Henry Ford first introduced this concept in his company in the manufacturing segment and later adopted it into other segments like accounting and non0manufacturign operations. The Japanese saw lean as a method to superior manufacturing through quality improvement and later started adopting it in other areas of the business processes, with the efforts and success of Toyota drawing attention worldwide (Bottirov, 2011). As other sectors including government and healthcare started implementing lean methods throughout the entire spectrum of business processes, construction industry too started considering the advantages of lean management (Bottirov, 2011). As the concept of lean management has emerge d from the production line, much of the practices, tools and techniques are readily available for implementation in manufacturing but construction being a different area than manufacturing, all of the principles and practices of lean production management do not fit into the construction industry, although there are many similarities in the processes of the two industry

Strategic Audits of Delta Airlines Research Paper

Strategic Audits of Delta Airlines - Research Paper Example Delta exists to include people of different diversities, religions, races, education, sexual orientation, gender identification, family status, geographical regions, citizenship, and styles of communication, socioeconomic background, skills, knowledge and much more. It is a great supporter of local organizations which focuses specifically on wellness and social health. For instance, Delta airlines has sponsored Cancer Society in America, Carter Center, Breast cancer centers, Network for Children Miracle, St. Jude Children Hospital, Humanity Habitat and much more (Datamonitor, 2010). Delta also is effective in supporting community-based organizations. For instance, the museums that enlighten, inspire, and exhibit people to make them important and enhance the betterment of this world is in partnership with Delta airlines. Other partnership includes Current partnerships include the Tribeca Film Festival, National Black Arts Festival, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchest ra, High Museum of Art, Fox Theatre, Guthrie, and many more partners (Datamonitor, 2010). The objectives are in consensus with each other and they resonate well with the mission and external environment. For instance, Delta is involved in community activities which fulfill one of its missions.Delta airline is a company that strives to promote a culture that includes all the members in all levels of the operational environment. In addition, the management at the top acknowledges any level of contribution of all the stakeholders.

Lean construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Lean construction - Essay Example In fact, lean construction is set to be considered as the benchmark for other industries as it is for manufacturing currently. Effective tools and strategies can be implemented in the construction industry to implement lean and reduce waste to achieve operations efficiency through improved quality and productivity. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction Background to study Aims and objectives Research methodology Summary Chapter Two: Literature review Production and Operations Management Project life-cycle Productivity challenges Lean production system Lean principles The concept of waste The Toyota way Lean construction Lean and strategy Lean implementation Chapter Three: Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter One: Introduction This chapter introduces the concept of lean management in production and discusses its evolution, importance, relevance in construction, aims and objectives of the study, the research methodology applied and the overall organization of the re search study. Background to study Lean concept is much appreciated, tested and practiced in industries like manufacturing, government, health care and other institutions. Lean in construction has been found to save costs and customers too increasingly prefer lean management of construction for cost savings. As there is much waste that is generated in the construction industry, implementing lean in construction industry can yield cost savings and reduce lead times for the benefit of all. It also found that present construction industry creates value at the rate of 10 percent while generating waste at the rate of 57 percent while in the manufacturing sector that implements lean, the reverse is true as it creates a value add of 62 percent and a waste of 26 percent (Sowards, 2012). Lean thinking was first applied to car manufacturing service but later evolved to be applied to other manufacturing sectors and hence been implemented in other industries as well. Lean implementation challeng es traditional business processes to improve performance to give a competitive advantage to the business. The concept of lean thinking or management is defined as â€Å"the process of continuously eliminating waste in all processes and systems† and was primarily related to production. Henry Ford first introduced this concept in his company in the manufacturing segment and later adopted it into other segments like accounting and non0manufacturign operations. The Japanese saw lean as a method to superior manufacturing through quality improvement and later started adopting it in other areas of the business processes, with the efforts and success of Toyota drawing attention worldwide (Bottirov, 2011). As other sectors including government and healthcare started implementing lean methods throughout the entire spectrum of business processes, construction industry too started considering the advantages of lean management (Bottirov, 2011). As the concept of lean management has emerge d from the production line, much of the practices, tools and techniques are readily available for implementation in manufacturing but construction being a different area than manufacturing, all of the principles and practices of lean production management do not fit into the construction industry, although there are many similarities in the processes of the two industry

Avata,2009 ( this is Film class paper) Movie Review

Avata,2009 ( this is Film class paper) - Movie Review Example The unity present in the scene, rhythm, visual balance and most importantly the color for it greatly relates to the mood and feelings that are to be depicted in the scene. One of the most important factors in cinematography is the usage of the proper camera and that too in the most efficient way keeping view the directionality, frame rate and so on. The cinematographer must know how to manipulate with the colors that is where to use soft light or hard light. The cinematography is also called as the Director of Photography and the director must also have enough information of cinematographic principles. The film we are going to analyze with reference to this is Avatar, a film directed by the genius of sci-fi James Cameron. James Cameron is an unparallel direction and writer when comes to science fictions movies and high end technology. He is has got a very wild imagination and excellent style for portraying which makes his all films flawless masterpieces. This film has also set ground breaking records and created revolution in cinematography through technological advances and excellent motion pictures. His former wife is also very famous and has produced some remarkable films, His current wife Gale Anne Hard is also a well-known producer. The opening scene if the film is entirely focused on the mail lead of the film who is a paralyzed former marine who spends most of his time drinking and lives in a small dank room. Jake Sully is main hero is asked to replace his slain brother in a project that has been sent to outer space to a star that happens to have certain resources that could revitalize the decaying earth. The film has set in 2148 where earth is totally destructed with no more greenery left more than 20milion people living in poverty. Deadly wars, nuclear warfare, famine, natural disasters and pollution are now the description of earth. There are hardly four to five minutes where the films has been shown depicting earth rest is on the moon Pandora where th ere lives a tribe known as Na ‘vi. This is from where the brilliance of the film starts though all of the scene have computer generated or shot through digital cameras abut all of it looks real like. Avatar with all the budget and gard work seems to be paying off every cent as well as augments the technical effects and throws challenge to other filmmakers dealing with this genre (McCarthy & Variety). Coming to the scenes of the film where the technicalities are at its best though the whole films classifies on this basis. The avatars created which are blue like people 9 ft tall, the different creatures; plants on the planets are all so real though it’s all digital imagery. The expressions of the people on that planet are inexplicable and nicely done. The best scene being when the shuttle nears the planet and the sound of the drums grows louder and louder increasing the excitement and curiosity of the viewers. Then there alien like tress, winged creatures, everything colo red a bit towards cyan. The lace seems like some other forest on earth except it’s so beautifully extravagant that it looks extraterrestrial. Avatar has an aura around it which spell binds to watch it and takes you on roller coaster ride like you never been to one (Turan, NewYork Times). The scene in which they show the princess who has fallen in love with the Avatar of Jake Sully takes him on a tour to her land is also stunning. The spiritual tress, the way everything illuminates in the night, the colors are extremely heart

Education for Rizal... Education for me... Essay Example for Free

Education for Rizal Education for me Essay Every now and then my parents keep on telling me that my education should be in the number one slot in my list of priorities. They keep on telling me that I should put a great deal on finishing my studies. They say (like every parents say), it is the only thing they could leave to us when they pass away. So, without thinking about it thoroughly, this idea was instilled in my mind right away. But now that we were asked to write our idea about education and relate it with Rizals, this may serve as an opportunity for me to assess and reinforce this thought. As what the books say, the importance of education is quite clear. Education is the knowledge of putting ones potentials to maximum use. One can safely say that a human being is not in the proper sense till he is educated. The training of a human mind is not complete without education. Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decision. Only through the attainment of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world; to acquaint himself with past history and receive all necessary information regarding the present. Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards outside world. The thought that education is indeed very critical for a nation to be at its best is not new to us. Right? Even our national hero has a say on this. In his works and writings, his educational philosophy is the most emphasized. Philosophy may be defined as the study and pursuit of facts which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as they affect life. Rizals concept of the importance of education is clearly enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he sought improvements in the schools and in the methods of teaching. He maintained that the backwardness of his country during the Spanish era was not due to the Filipinos indifference, apathy or indolence as claimed by the rulers, but to the neglect of the Spanish authorities in the islands. For Rizal, the mission of education is to elevate the country to the highest seat of glory and to develop the peoples mentality. Since education is the foundation of society and a prerequisite for social progress, Rizal claimed that only through education could the country be saved from domination. Rizals philosophy of education, therefore, centers on the provision of proper motivation in order to strengthen the great social forces that make education a success, to create in the youth an innate desire to cultivate his intelligence and give him life eternal. Another thing, Rizal also sees education as the basis for his idea of an ideal Filipino. We can even observe in all his works and writings education plays a very important role. His characters are greatly shaped by education. For instance, in his Noli Me Tangere, the character of Crisostomo Ibarra, the elements of knowledge and education is clearly depicted. This is the reason why it is said that Ibarra is the character representation of Jose Rizal. He used education as a means towards attaining his aim of Philippine independence. Upon searching for our report in PI which is the Second Wave of Rizals Travels, I came across his letter to the women of Malolos. This letter is a way of extending his admiration to the said women. This also make my previous statements true, Rizal really puts much value on education. In this letter of his, Rizal pleads to the mothers for them to teach their children to love our mother nation and to fight for our liberty. Through this end also, our children will be able to acquire their worthy education. The thoughts of Rizal on education and how he used it as weapon for attaining Philippines independence made me realize its true meaning and importance. I remember, when I was still young, education for me is being able to go to school, nothing more. But it is a whole heap more. Education is a word with too many dimensions, too many to mention. Education plays an important role in the progress of an individuals mind and country. Ignorance and poverty are major speed-breakers in the swift developing country and can be overcome easily through education. You cant really call yourself educated if you can read and write or get flat 1s in every subject. A person who is educated has a certain atmosphere around him, of dignity and wisdom. If you are educated, you dont need to abide by the facts that the book recites, or follow Aristotles philosophy. Like Jose Rizal, an educated person builds on the facts the book says and has his own philosophy. If you are educated, you cant have a wrong philosophy. Education is everything. People are made aware of what is going on in the wide world and can understand these issues and take necessary measures. The quality of human resource of a nation is easily judged by the number of literate population living in it. This is to say that education is a must if a nation aspires to achieve growth and development and more importantly sustain it. This may well explain the fact that rich and developed nations of the world have very high literacy rate and productive human resource. In fact these nations have started imparting selective training and education programs so as to meet the new technical and business demands of the 21st century. The importance of education cannot be neglected by any nation. And in todays world, the role of education has become even more vital. It is an absolute necessity for economic and social development of any nation. Source:Life, Ideas, and Works or Rizal by Zalde.

The Dark Side Of The Nation Cultural Studies Essay

The Dark Side Of The Nation Cultural Studies Essay This paper chooses two articles namely Indian Country: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture by Valaskakis and Himani Bannerjis The Dark Side, of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender, to try and compare and contrast the theoretical approach that the authors of the two articles have used. In the first article Indian Country: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture, by Valaskakis, the author uses a cultural studies approach to present a distinctive view on Native cultural conflict and political struggle both in the United States and Canada. She reflects on traditionalism and treaty rights, Indian princesses, museums, art, powwow, media warriors and nationhood. Writing on Land in Native America by Valaskakis, the author depicts the Indian Country as concurrently evoking collective experience, a sacred space and physical land in which the individual interacts within these dominions. In the second article The Dark Side, of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender, by Himani Bannerji, she presents an anti-racist, feminist, Marxist assessment of multiculturalism as a means for the white Canadian select few to oppress immigrants, whites, non-whites, women, and other minorities. She notes how the selected few use constructions like community and culture to dominate while hiding at the back of the liberal-democratic nuances of multiculturalism. In the Valaskakis essay, The Paradox of Diversity, the author notes how the language of multiculturalism (i.e. women of color, visible minority) restrains nonwhite persons. The difficulty is not that such identifiers be present, but that they indicate a need to manage and control non-white Canadians. The contradiction is that multicultural language serves the objective of Whites to track ethnicity and race rather than the interest of noticeable minorities. The authors of these narratives are trying to defi ne what indigenous thought is by putting forward extensive arguments based on the various societies each has focused on. In this paper, we try to explore on each authors point of view with an aim of getting a clear meaning of indigenous thought. Both authors have critically approached their argument and have presented it in a clear and flowing manner that has assisted in the effective construct of the authors theories as well as their overall thought process in the paper. The most basic idea in both the papers is the presentation of the indigenous thought and the critical race theory. The indigenous thought: So what do I mean when I talk about Indigenous thought? First, let us start with what indigenous thought is not: Indigenous thought is not the self-serving and naive idea that anybody who digs his or her hands in the dirt has indigenous understanding. I am referring to the modern-day knowledge that arises from countless generations of people living in relation to a particular land and seeing it as the foundation of all their relations. By land, I reach further than any simple material idea to the emotional, intellectual and spiritual dimensions thereof. Land includes streams and rivers, wind and air as living beings in our existence. Indigenous thought is founded in a profound understanding that we all exist in relation to land. Whether we are dwellers of the city in deep denial or Aboriginal people drawing on old customs to regenerate new awareness, we exist in relation to land. We bundle up when the snow comes, we protest when spring is delayed, we breathe deeply and refurbish our souls when the sun warms us into a new season. For an effective statement on Indigenous thought, I draw on the writing of Valaskakis, Gail Guthrie in her essay Claiming Land in Native America. She argues that land is hardly ever understood as a discursive place of Indian experience imagined, lived and remembered and an enduring place of Native political possibility. According to Valaskakis, the continuing contests that yarn through the connotation of constructed representations and endorsed ideologies of Native people and other North Americans involve underlying issues and images of land in Canada and the United States: continental territory- privatized, settled, developed, explored, reserved, mapped, idealized, imagined and contested. According to Valaskakis, the Native claim to recognize rights to the land is a lawful move to resolve the wrongs of the past; but to Native people, land claims have at all times represented more than territorial access to resources and expansion. The Natives claim that the land belongs to them, for the Great Spirit gave it to them when he put them there. The Natives believe land to be their ancestral right and this gives them the rightful ownership of the land since their fore fathers found the land and settled in it before anyone else. The Natives say they were free to come and leave and to exist in their own way and they were free to practice whatever it was that they believed in. However or rather unfortunately, the white men who belonged to another land, came upon them, and forced them to live according to their ideas and practices. The political struggle over land is covered in a complex of contradictory representations, different cultural constructions and oppositional discours es. For example, when we look at the Cree dispute over the extension of hydroelectric projects in Northern Quebec, the interwoven discussions that disclose native and nonnative relationships to the land are both essential and complex. It is a struggle that has unraveled a complex braid of conflict between radically different knowledge systems and representations about the land and territory, progress and survivability, rights and justice- the latter two couplets hitched to differing commitments of nationhood and its attendant cultural and political desires(Valaskakis 90). According to Valaskakis, in the combined heritage of struggle and resettlement of reservations, land allotments and resource exploitation, the meaning of land that comes out in the lived understanding of present practice of Native people is interwoven with images of enduring indigence, forced acculturation and painful displacement. Land is essential in the modern-day culture of Native America; and today, its meanin g is discussed in the discursive building of emerging heritage, contingent history and modern practice in the stories Native people tell that convey empowerment linked in expression to Native political struggle and traditional practice with nonnative and with one another. Today, the Native sense of unity is an idiom of collectivity that goes beyond place-centered society to the oneness of pan-Indianism. As new formations of Native community emerge in the academic, professional, social and urban areas of Indian Country, Native identity and culture are recreated in narratives of past practices and places, transformed and experienced today in pan-Indian rhetoric and rituals. These are not the homesick words of cultural tourists or the heartbreaking pleas of homeless migrants who are removed or displaced from their cultural or territorial roots, but the voices of Native North Americans who identify home in the emergent re-territorialized creations of Indian Country. These stories that reclaim place and people, reconfigure land as terrain, terrain that represents not only communal, spiritual experience but also familiar colonial experience. What makes us one people is the common legacy of colonialism and Diaspora. Central to that history is our necessary, political, and in this century, often quite hazardous attempt to reclaim and understand our past- the real one, not the invented one (Valaskakis 98). This reveals a continuing disagreement over the meaning of land in Native and North America. Land is linked to contingent identity and history absorbed in the discussion of territory and spirituality, worked in the power of privilege and politics. The meaning of land appears in the cultural practice and historical specificity of Native North American life worlds. It is endorsed and worked upon every time Native people fish or hunt, visit the graves of ancestors, plant gardens, offer tobacco to spirit rocks or recognize the interrelatedness of these understandings of everyday life. However, the meaning of land is also articulated in the stories people tell about ceremony and heritage, places and people, loss, conflict and travel. The ownership of land and the meaning of land was not only expunged and devalued in the policies that came forward to eradicate or acculturate Indians. Native practices and expressions entail not only space but also time, both of which are essential to the political and spiritual construction of Native culture. The Native perceptive of space emerges as a governing construct that not only establishes time but also builds Native ideology, community and spirituality in relation to land. Both tribal cultures and the Native perceptive of shared relations are situated in space rather than time. Indian religion, ideology and history, come out in interaction with a given land and its life forms, in a lived reality of space that is hard to differentiate in the non-Native analysis. A Native communitys experience or observation of land, environment and place, gives rise to the Indian spiritual stories and myths that create the tribal sense of the past. Land, as noted by the author is the essential issue defining possible ideas of Native America, whether in the past, present or future. An intensely held sense of unity with given geographical en vironments has provided and continues to give the spiritual reinforcement allowing cultural unity across the entire variety of indigenous American societies. Critical Race Theory: Analyzing the critical race theory, we see that it draws upon paradigms of inter-sectionalism. Recognizing that racism and race work with and through ethnicity, sexuality, class and nation as systems of power, contemporary critical race theory often depends upon or looks into these intersections. The opening essay in the Dark Side, of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender The Paradox of Diversity, portrays a critical race theory. Bannerji argues that the label women of color a slogan herself uses is caught up in many of the dynamics that anti-racist feminists are fighting. Reviewing both British and US literature on multiculturalism and race, the author explains how the official policy of multiculturalism of Canada despite its significance, actually worsens the absurdity of this originally American expression. Bannerji argues that the term women of color is a pleasant and vague label that extended throughout option politics in the 1980s and 1990s. It signaled to race as color, created a name for building alliance among all women, and gave a feeling of vividness, brilliance or brightness of a celebration of a difference. However, this dialogue tightens political agency and becomes a piece of thought that removes class and the critical and hard edges of the notion of race. Using Louis Althussers concept of ideological state apparatuses, Bannerji examines how the discourse of diversity allows the Canadian state to cope with real economic, cultural and social tensions while retaining its vital capitalist, liberal individualism and camouflaging its historic colonialism and explicitly racist past. Taking her cue from Antonio Gramsci, the author argues that these dynamics of state supervision need to be evaluated in relation to civil society and everyday values, practices and ideas that include classifications of people. Thus, a phrase like women of color that may hold a remedy to liberal pluralism actually becomes a re-named edition of plurality, so vital to politics and concept of liberalism in which a color-coded self-discernment, an identity declared on the semi logical foundation of ones skin color, was rendered pleasant through this philosophy of diversity. While the central argument of the essay is that the discussion of multiculturalism, with women of color as an indicative example, obscures the daily and political actualities of women facing the racism of white privilege. Bannerji is not reproving or simplistically discarding it. Rather, she is evaluating under what circumstances this discourse has developed, and most notably, revealing how it might limit future struggles and possibilities. Bannerjis discussion of the label women of color demonstrates that the language, descriptions and categories we use are not just ideological expressions of power entrenched in economic disparities. Rather, they construct meanings themselves. They are a realistic activity and serve to either control power relations or offer new possibilities. Bannerji explains in the essay that to imagine a society entails making a project in which difference could be appreciated. She also assumes that the source of this divergence is just cultural difference. However, this hindrance is the outcome of a difference that has its roots in race. It is at this point that multicultural discourse is created. As mentioned by the author in the essay this multicultural discourse is founded on the difference, a difference that is created by contrast and comparison of the possible Canadian subjects: But color was translated into the language of visibility. The latest Canadian subject covering social and political fields was appellated visible minority, accentuates on both the aspects of being non-white and, therefore, visible in a manner whites are not and of being politically minor players (Bannerji 30). Although the vocabulary, of discrimination and exclusion has changed in the Canadian framework, the cause of the problem remains the same, and as a result, continues to have an effect on the everyday lives of immigrant communities in Canada. In addition, the terms of diversity and multiculturalism are exclusively agreed upon by the power that is dominant and, therefore, set up an uneven power imbalance. Based on Bannerjis essay, one could argue that the reputation of Canada as an ideal multicultural civilization is nothing more than a false impression of social and political acceptance and not in actuality a certainty on the ground. In addition, in this false impression of tolerance and acceptance of ethnic minorities, the cultures of immigrants who are white from the preferred class of immigrants, are much more renowned than that of nonwhite immigrants. As argued by the author and others like her, discussion of multiculturalism has resulted in definitional authority over nonwhite im migrants living in Canada with consideration to their socio-political and ideological location in society. Their distribution as visible minorities in Canadian society officially reduces them to a class that is deemed less powerful and, therefore, mediocre to the dominant White class. By bringing both, the critical race theory and indigenous thought together, I intend to outline the central doctrine of an emerging theory that I would call Tribal Critical Race Theory to tackle the issues of Indigenous People in the United States. I have put up this theoretical framework because it allows me to tackle the complicated relationship between the United States federal government and Native Indians. This theory emerges from both indigenous thought and Critical Race Theory and is entrenched in the manifold, historically and geographically located ontology and epistemologies found in aboriginal groups of people. Despite the fact that they diverge depending on space, place, time, individual and tribal nation, there emerge to be familiarities in those epistemologies and ontologisms. This supposition will be entrenched in these familiarities while at the same time recognizing the variation and range that exists between and within individuals and communities. While critical rac e theory serves as a framework in and of itself, it does not deal with the particular requirements of tribal people because it does not address Native Indians liminality as either political and racialized human beings or the experience of colonization. Teaching both methodologies will involve covering various issues such as the United States policies toward Indigenous peoples, which are rooted in imperialism. We will also look at White domination, and a passion for material gain. We will also look at how aboriginal peoples have a desire to attain and build tribal autonomy, tribal sovereignty, self-identification and self-determination. We shall also look at the concepts of knowledge, power and culture and how they take on a new meaning when scrutinized through an Indigenous lens. This theory will look at the educational and governmental policies toward Indigenous people and how these policies are intimately linked around the problematic objective of assimilation. While critical race theory argues that racial discrimination is widespread in society, combining both critical race theory and indigenous thought methodologies emphasizes that colonization is prevalent in society while also recognizing the role that racism played. Much of what Tribal critical theory offers as an investigative lens is a more culturally nuanced and a new way of probing the experiences and lives of tribal peoples since making contact with Europeans over 500 years ago. This is central to the distinctiveness of the place and space American Indians inhabit, both intellectually and physically, as well as to the distinctive, sovereign relationship between the federal government and American Indians. My hope is that Tribal Critical theory can be used to tackle the variation and range of experiences of people who are American Indians. In page 115 Valaskakis quotes Gerald Vizenor and writes, The literature of dominance, narratives of discoveries, translations, cultural studies, and prescribed names of time, place and person are treacherous in any discourse on tribal consciousness (Valaskakis 115). Thus the Tribal Critical Theory provides a theoretical lens for dealing with many of the issues facing Native Indian communities today, including issues of language loss and language shift, management of natural resources, the lack of students graduating from Universities and colleges, the over representation of Native Indians in special education and supremacy struggles between State, tribal and federal tribal governments. Ultimately, Tribal Critical theory holds a descriptive power; it is potentially an improved theoretical lens through which to illustrate the lived experiences of tribal people. Tribal Critical based on a sequence of ideas, traditions, epistemologies, and thoughts that are augmented in ethnic histories thousands of years old. While I draw on ontologisms, traditions, older stories, and epistemologies, the grouping itself is new. As such, I anticipate that this article will instigate a procedure of thinking about how Tribal Critical Race Theory may better serve researchers who are unsatisfied with the methods and theories currently offered from which to study Native Indians specifically in educational institutions, and the larger society more generally. By drawing my attention to the distinction between Native Indian place-based and Western time-oriented understandings of the world, I have to learn not only the rather obvious scrutiny that most Indigenous societies embrace a strong connection to their homelands, but also the position occupied by land as an ontological outline for understanding relationships. Seen in this light, it is a deep misunderstanding to think of place or land as simply some material item of deep importance to Indigenous cultures (although it is important); instead, it should be understood as a ground of relationships of things to each other.  Place is a way of experiencing, relating and knowing the world and these ways of knowing often direct forms of resistance to authority relations that threaten to destroy or erase our senses of place. This, I would argue, is exactly the understanding of place or land that not only fastens many Indigenous peoples critical assessment of colonial relations of command and f orce, but also our visualizations of what a truly post-colonial affiliation of nonviolent coexistence might look like. Summary: By studying Valaskakis essay Land in Native America, I have been able to examine the role that place plays in fundamental Indigenous activism from the perspective of the native Indian community. I have to understand that even though native Indians senses of place have been tattered by centuries of capitalist-colonial displacement, they still serve as a familiarizing framework that guides radical native Indian activism today and presents a way of thinking about relations between and within individuals and the natural world built on values of freedom and reciprocity. I have learnt that one of the most important differences that exist between Western and Indigenous metaphysics rotates around the central significance of land to Indigenous modes of thought, ethics and being. I have come to learn that when ideology is divided according to Western European and Native Indian traditions this essential difference is one of great philosophical significance. Native Indians hold their lands Place s as having the uppermost likely meaning, and all their declarations are made with this reference point in mind. While most Western societies, by distinction, tend to get the meaning from the world in developmental or historical terms, thereby placing time as the description of central significance. Valaskakis essay The Paradox of Diversity, has expanded my understanding on race and racism. Although it has become everyday to converse about the diversity of Canada and other western cultures that have resulted from recent patterns of international migration, this article has drawn my attention to the idea that observing only country of origin or ethnicity offers an incomplete and ultimately deceptive approach to understanding present-day diversity. Conclusion: In conclusion, through the article, I have learnt some of the ways in which the removal of power relations in the creation of multicultural communities from above is mostly felicitous for the states and ruling classes which express their socioeconomic and ideological interests. This article has enabled me to examine what the idea of diversity does politically. I have come to learn that it is an evocative term that indicates heterogeneity without authority relations by abstracting difference from social and history relations. The term contains an unbiased appearance that is attractive for practices of control as the classed, gendered and raced social relations of influence that generate the differences drop out of sight, thus facilitating the blaming of individuals for their own disadvantage. This article has made me understand how the created relations between heterogeneity and homogeneity, or diversity and sameness, rely on the underlying idea of an essentialised edition of a colonial European turned into a Canadian. This Canadian is the agent and subject of Canadian nationalism and has the right to make a decision on the degree to which multicultural others should be accommodated or tolerated.

The House on Mango Street - Fantasy vs. Reality :: House Mango Street

The House on Mango Street - Fantasy vs. Reality Sometime in our lives, we have wished for things we don't have. No matter how hard we wished on the star or a candle, our wishes never seemed to be answered. We have all felt that bitter disappointment on Christmas morning when we finally realized that we were never going to be able to have what we want. This is the same exact feelings that the characters in Cisneros' The House on Mango Street. Unlike us, the disappointment for these characters last throughout their childhood. Esperanza, Rachel, Nenny, Sally, and Lucy are among the kids growing up on Mango Street. They all long for friendship, love, and a better life, but all these kids face are the harsh reality of the "real world." In the society that Esperanza and her friends live in, love takes a back seat when it comes to relationships. "Someday, I will have a best friend all my own. One I can tell my secrets to. One who will understand my jokes without my having to explain them." These are the longing words of Esperanza. While growing up on Mango Street, Esperanza finds herself in a community that she feels she doesn't belong to. With all her heart, she longs for a true friend that she can tell her dreams to and will understand her for it. These wishes seem easy enough to grant, but Esperanza soon finds out that there is more to friendship. "If you give me five dollars, I will be your friend forever." Esperanza discovers that she can not have anything for nothing. Rachel and Lucy sure enough become her friends, but only after she helped them pay for the bike. Esperanza never does truly find a real friend who shares the same goal as she does because all the friends she has have more problems than her. For instance, Sally was a friend for whom Esperanza cared for. When Esperanza was raped, Sally was not there to help her and when Esperanza tried to prevent Sally from making a mistake, Sally told her to leave. All Esperanza wanted was a friendship that would help her escape her life, but all she ended up with were friendships that reminded her of her broken dreams because in her society nothing was given for free and the people she was associated with didn't have the same goals as she did. Another one of those broken dreams was the concept of love. Esperanza was not the only one who longed for a man's endless love.

Can Detroit Make the Cars Customers Want? Essay

Ans: AutoNation is having a problem with inventory because of the culture of ordering a customized vehicle for a customer, but such an order usually adds six to eight weeks to the transaction. The customer who wants to buy on the spot must choose from cars on the lot that the manufacturer has already configured, priced, and shipped. Despite manufacturer incentives and rebates to entice customers to purchase, dealers often have a glut of new cars sitting in their lots for months at a time that no one wants to buy it. The swollen inventory and slow turnaround hurt dealers because they must borrow money to pay for the cars the manufacturers ship. This has also become a problem for auto manufacturers such as GM, Ford and Chrysler due to their manufacturing processes which are not set up to quickly change production models and have been geared toward optimizing the efficiency of the production plant. Again because of the frequent change in consumer tastes which can shift almost overnight as gasoline prices rise or fall, or as one automotive fashion fad gives way to another. This problem is impacting the business performance of AutoNation and of the auto manufacturers because of following reasons. 1. It has become imperative for the manufacturers to keep their plants running regardless of demand to pay for the rising costs of employee healthcare and pensions. What’s more, auto workers must be paid most of their salaries regardless of whether they are working, so manufacturers want them working all the time. 2. Losing market share to the Japanese and Koreans 3. Auto manufacturers are scrambling to revamp their product line up 4. The enlarged inventory and slow turnaround hurt dealers because they must borrow money to pay for the cars the manufacturers ship. 2. What pieces of data do AutoNation need to determine what cars to stock in each of its dealerships? How can it obtain these data? Ans: The following pieces of data AutoNation need to determine†¦ Preferences of car buyers Most popular configurations They put forth a major effort to consolidate the customer lists from its hundreds of dealerships. They uses proprietary analytic software as well as assistance from DME, a marketing firm with expertise in creating customized direct mail campaigns. 3. What is AutoNation’s solution to its problem? What obstacles must AutoNation overcome to implement its solution? Ans: They categorized their customers into groups with the help of DME and propriety analytical software and follow unique strategies for each category. They create sales pitches, service specials etc. for each group. In the past they tried to search for customers who want to buy the cars that they produced but now they are producing what customers looking for. And also AutoNation is trying to apply these principles of market intelligence to auto manufacturing. They use data mining techniques to determine the demand for each model and very accurate configurations of each model among thousands of possible variations that are most popular with buyers. With this they can focus on producing these vehicles in the numbers that the data dictate. Therefore they don’t have to keep unnecessary inventory. To auto manufacturing, the auto nation must overcome this problem such as the rising of gasoline price and the demand to the pay for the rising of cost employee healthcare and pensions. It will be effective enough to bring production in line with the customers demand. It can lower the rising cost of gasoline and makes the company revenue up to 90% total earn for selling branded cars. And also it will help them to compete with Japan and Korean car producers. They can determine the demand for each model and very accurate configurations of each model among thousands of possible variations that are most popular with buyers. MIS In Action Explore autonation.com, examining all of its features and capabilities. Then answer the following questions. 1. How does this Web site help AutoNation forge closer ties with customers and potential customers? Ans: The AutoNation web site offers vast experience in new and used car sales and service. They have a large selection of cars, trucks and SUVs on the web. That means that customers can easily find the vehicle that they want. It doesn’t only help the customers to find the right price. Using their web site, customers can explore car pricing options with a quick quote or by payment, then research reviews and compare new and used cars that fit their budget and needs, check available auto financing and leasing plans, and search AutoNation’s huge auto inventory to locate the car, truck or sports utility vehicle that customers like. Their dealers carry popular brands including Acura, Audi, Bentley, BMW, Buick, Cadillac, Chevy, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, GMC, Honda, Hyundai, Infiniti, Isuzu, Jaguar, Jeep, Land Rover, Lexus, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mercury, MINI, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Pontiac, Porsche, Saturn, Scion, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen and Volvo. Therefore customers have a vast collection to pick their choices. AutoNation’s dedicated sales force is available by email or telephone if customer has questions, need information or wish to complete their transaction online. Or, if customers prefer to visit one of AutoNation’s local auto dealerships, he/she can search for the closest dealership through this site. That is how they have ties with customers and potential customers. 2. What information could AutoNation collect from its Web site that would help it determine in which makes and models of cars are of most interest to potential buyers? Ans: †¢ What type of cars customers looking for (used/brand new) †¢ What is the brand that customers looking for †¢ Which model †¢ When the vehicle is designed †¢ If it is a used vehicle then mileage †¢ In what period of the year people buy more vehicles †¢ Usually how much a person spend on a vehicle †¢ What is the customer total income †¢ What type of customers buy which brand

Bora Bora Hotel Pestle Economics

Economic factors Tourism and service industries are two biggest sectors in Bora Bora, French Polynesia, about 40 percent of employees work in the Service sector. In 1997, almost eighty percent of the whole GDP in this country was from service sector. During the end of the last millennium, there has been a huge economic decline in the whole French Polynesia, mainly in Tahiti and Bora Bora. But with the economic help of France and clearing the rumors of nuclear experiences the country’s economy started to grow.This country’s climate is very beneficial for hotels, because almost all year it’s warm and the exotic nature always attracts people. Lately, there has been a huge increase of tourists that travel to Bora Bora, because of the newly built hotels and airports. This is a huge factor for our chosen hotel, Hilton, because if more people will want to go to this area, there has to be more hotels for their accommodation.But other hotel chains are also interested in b uilding new hotels in Bora Bora, because of its newly found Brand recognition as a holiday resort and growing economy. Bora Bora does not produce a lot of goods, so they have to be imported. Which is mainly the Hotels problem, because the Levies  and excises on imported goods and licensing fees in the whole French Polynesia are the highest ones. The main objects that Bora Bora imports include food, fuel, building materials,  consumer goods  and automobiles.Because they are imported, these goods cost more for the hotel than the natively made ones. Their main importers are United States and France. In the world chart, French Polynesia is in the two hundred twelfth place, with the inflation rate of 1. 1, while for example, Denmark’s inflation rate is 2. 8, United States inflation rate is 3. 1. In 2008, the currency exchange was 16. 5 French Polynesian francs for one US dollar.

Social Networking Websites Usage Towards Academic Performance Education Essay

This chapter covers about the literature reappraisal on the Social Networking Sites ( SNS ) use towards academic public presentation. The resources used in this chapter such as books and articles are from e-book available in the Internet and Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak ( PTAR ) aggregations. The aggregations used are primary and secondary beginnings which were obtained from the interviews, printed and on-line version of books and articles. The articles used are available in PTAR library databases such as Science Direct, Emerald Management Extra, H.W. Wilson, ProQuest and others. The diary rubrics that were referred to are Computers in Human Behavior, Computers & A ; Education, Computers and Composition and many more. The keywords used during the seeking procedure such as Social Networking Sites ( SNS ) , Facebook, Computer and Internet usage, SNS and pupil public presentation. This chapter will cover five subdivisions which are computing machine and Internet usage, societal networki ng usage, SNS and academic public presentation, factors of utilizing SNS and besides utility of SNS towards pupil public presentation.2.1 Academic public presentationIn educational establishments, pupils normally being analyses and measure based on their public presentation in their academic. It refers to how pupils deal with their surveies and how they cope with or carry through different undertakings given to them by their instructors. Besides that, academic public presentation besides can be analysed in term of the ability of the pupils to analyze and retrieve facts and the ability to pass on their cognition verbally or in written signifier. Azizi Hj. Yahaya ( 2004 ) stated that there are four factors that influence pupils ‘ academic public presentation which are functions of instructors or schools, equals, parents and the pupils themselves. He stated that the functions of pupils covered the facets of the nature of the acquisition procedure, the ends of the acquisition procedure, building of cognition, strategic thought and eventually on believing about thought. He so explained that the successful pupil should be an active, purposive, self-acting, and presume personal duty for lending to their ain acquisition. It can be concluded that the academic public presentation was reflects by the factors that influence the results of successful pupils during their learning procedure. However, the pupils themselves should find their ends and take their egos so that they can accomplish successful consequences in their academic public presentation. Kirschner and Karpinski ( 2010 ) revealed that it is hard to mensurate the academic public presentation particularly in term of specifying the academic public presentation itself. There are many ways to mensurate the academic public presentation either utilizing the GPA or the class such as A, B, C, D, and F ) . Other than that, the research worker should associate the academic public presentation with the sum of clip spent analyzing such as day-to-day, hebdomadal or monthly. Based on Karpinski ( 2009 ) , academic public presentation is conceptualized otherwise between schools, provinces and states. Therefore, he stated that there is no accurate definition on the manner to mensurate academic public presentation.2.2 Computer and Internet usageIn the Information Age, Information Technology ( IT ) and Internet accomplishments are going progressively of import, and those without these accomplishments are at a disadvantage economically and educationally. Schumacher and Morahan-Martin ( 20 01 ) in their research found that the pupils had more exposure to computing machines than to the Internet. The survey found that males were more experient and reported higher accomplishment degrees with the Internet than females, with the exclusion of electronic mail. The pupils used electronic mail in order to hold expeditiously exchange digital information with schoolmates. Almost one tierce of the first-grade pupils do non hold their ain e-mail reference at place yet. The research besides identified that more than half of the first-grade pupils report that they use their computing machines at least one time a hebdomad to look for information on the Internet while one tierce of them used electronic mail or confab from place about every twenty-four hours. The findings besides shows that a one-fourth of the pupils used the computing machine for this intent every hebdomad and more than half use the computing machine every twenty-four hours for games or music. A research done by Tsai and Tsai ( 2010 ) found that there is no important gender difference in pupils ‘ entire Internet Self-Efficacy Scale ( ISES ) scores. However, a important difference was found in the communicative Internet Self-Efficacy ( ISE ) scores between genders while farther subscale. The female pupils had significantly higher tonss than did the male pupils in the communicating subscale. It can be concluded that the misss held significantly more assurance than the male childs sing Internet communicating. The survey besides shows that Internet usage experience both genders had a average degree of Internet utilizing experience in norm. Therefore, there is no important gender difference found in pupils ‘ Internet utilizing experience. However, a important gender difference was found in pupils ‘ hebdomadal clip spent where it identified that boys exhausted important more clip on utilizing the Internet than did the misss every hebdomad. The survey besides found that there was a different intent of utilizing Internet among the genders where most of the misss used the Internet for seeking, mailing, music hearing, prep and speaking while the male childs largely accessed the Internet for game playing, seeking and music hearing. This consequence suggested that male childs and misss might hold different involvements or motives in using the Internet. McCarthy ( 2000 ) stated in his article that in the early 2000s, schools at all degrees in many states began to fix all pupils ‘ for Internet literacy and to advance Internet-based acquisition for life-long acquisition. The consequence from Tsai and Lin ‘s ( 2004 ) research done in Taiwan showed that the misss had significantly higher Internet self-efficacy than the male childs while high school male pupils still had better Internet attitudes in some facets. Harmonizing to Hille ( 2009 ) , the article mentioned that adolescent pupils may immersed in online gambling, chew the fating or other on-line amusement, and even go addicted if there is no effectual direction and supervising from their parents and instructors. The pupils may besides expose to pornographic and violent contents deluging the Internet. Wainer et Al. ( 2008 ) found that from seven societal economic categories, it shows that there is a lessening in test public presentation among the younger and the poorer pupils and their computing machine usage is higher than other. Other than that, it besides identified that there is a important lessening in the classs of those who use computing machines more often when compared with those who ne'er use computing machines for assignments. While the poorest socioeconomic category shows that there is a 15 % decrease in trial tonss. The research done by Yang and Tung ( 2008 ) showed that 236 topics from a sum of 1708 were identified as nuts utilizing the eight-item Internet dependence utilizing Internet dependence Diagnostic Questionnaire ( DQ ) developed by Young ( 1996b ) to separate nuts from non-addicts. The findings showed that there are important different degrees of influence of the Internet between the Internet nuts and non-addicts in five facets of life other than peer dealingss. The Internet nuts believed that the Internet negatively influenced their school acquisition, day-to-day modus operandis, wellness, and parental dealingss every bit good as instructor dealingss while the Internet positively influenced all six facets of the lives of non-addicts. In old surveies, high school pupils displayed debatable effects of Internet dependance, for case, jumping repasts, losing slumber and survey clip, increasing fiscal costs for online activity, and rearranging day-to-day modus operandis or even neglecting s urveies to pass more clip online ( Brenner, 1996 ; Egger & A ; Rauterberg, 1996 ; Young, 1996b ) as cited in Yang and Tung ( 2008 ) . Based on Young ‘s survey ( 1998 ) cited in Yang and Tung ( 2008 ) , it was found that Internet dependants bit by bit reduced the clip spent with household and friends while increasing clip in forepart of their computing machines. This phenomenon may use for some Chinese Internet users, but the information in this survey demonstrated a negative influence on parents but no break of equal relationships for either nuts or non-addict. The findings of this survey confirmed those of Kandell ( 1998 ) , Lin and Tsai ( 2002 ) and Chou and Hsiao ( 2000 ) as quoted in Yang and Tung ( 2008 ) , that both the nut and non-addict groups saw the Internet as positively act uponing their relationships with friends and classmates. Statistical consequences pointed that Internet addicts spent about 21.2 hours per hebdomad on the Internet, while non-addicts spent around 12.1 hours per hebdomad. This survey assumes that most college pupils, populating off from parental monitoring and with fewer categories than high school pupils, have extended freedom to research hazardous activities that might take to Internet dependence. This survey finds a degree of reported Internet use among high school Internet nuts that is comparable to that for addicted college pupils. Ucak ‘s ( 2007 ) survey revealed that most of the pupils of the Department of Information Management in Hacettepe University, Ankara uses the Internet every twenty-four hours. Based on the consequences, the bulk entree the Internet from their section ‘s computing machines followed by accessing from their place. However, the rate of entree from Internet coffeehouse and the library is low. The consequences show that a huge intents of utilizing the Internet such as for their classs, prep assignments followed by utilizing the Internet for personal involvement and for electronic mails. Some of them used the Internet to listen for music, games, and amusement option while chat comes in the last topographic point.TinThe experiences and sentiments of the societal web influence preventive determinations in this population of immature, minority adult females. The societal web, including friends, household members, and media beginnings, is a cardinal beginning of prophylactic information for many adult females. Comprehensive contraceptive method guidance should research the experiences and sentiments of the patient ‘s societal web to the extent possible. Lynn Yee, M.D. , M.P.H.a, and Melissa Simon, M.D. , M.P.H ( 2009 ) Consequences indicated that pupils use Facebook about 30 min throughout the twenty-four hours as portion of their day-to-day modus operandi. Students communicated on Facebook utilizing a one-to-many manner, in which they were the Godheads circulating content to their friends. Even so, they spent more clip detecting content on Facebook than really posting content. Facebook was used most frequently for societal interaction, chiefly with friends with whom the pupils had a pre-established relationship offline. In add-on to authoritative individuality markers of emerging maturity, such as faith, political political orientation, and work, immature grownups besides used media penchants to show their individuality. Deductions of societal networking site usage for the development of individuality and peer relationships are discussed.Tiffany A. Pempek, Yevdokiya A. Yermolayeva, Sandra L. Calvert ( 2008 ) An person ‘s success in society depends on the form and size of his/her societal web and ability to web and signifier connexions with other societal groups. Administrations which can harness this unconditioned human ability to pull off cognition will be able to take down minutess costs and go more profitable. Anria Sophia new wave Zyl ( 2008 ) Arrested development analyses conducted on consequences from a study of undergraduate pupils ( N = 286 ) suggest a strong association between usage of Facebook and the three types of societal capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging societal capital. In add-on, Facebook use was found to interact with steps of psychological wellbeing, proposing that it might supply greater benefits for users sing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction. Nicole B. Ellison Charles Steinfield Cliff Lampe ( 2007 )2.3 SNS usage and academic public presentationHarmonizing to Boyd & A ; Ellison ( 2008 ) , Social-networking sites ( afterlife SNS ) are the latest on-line communicating tool that allows users to make a public or private profile to interact with people in their webs. They so defined SNS as web-based services that allow persons to build a public or semi-public profile within a delimited system, joint a list of other users with whom they portion a connexion and position and track their list of connexions and those made by others within the system There are few surveies that had been done in findings the important of SNS with academic public presentation. Kirschner and Karpinski ( 2010 ) had conducted a research on the Facebook ( FB ) and academic public presentation. FB is a portion of the illustrations of SNS that was late being used by many people including the pupils. Barratt, Hendrickson, Stephens and Torres ( 2005 ) stated that the increased of FB ‘s popularity has raises inquiries about its impact on college pupil life. The FB was foremost introduced by Mark Zuckerberg in 2005 to assist residential college and university pupils identify pupils in other abode halls. The use of FB than has been expanded to persons outside the college and university system. It has been identified that the use of FB covers all group of age with largely the age between 25 to 34 year-olds ( Lipsman, 2007 ) . However, even though there was an addition growing in older age groups, FB remains chiefly a college- age and emerging grownup phe nomenon. From the statistics collected by the FB administrative that showed in the web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.facebook.com/press/info.php? statistics, it recorded that there are 500 million of active users registered and half of them log in any given twenty-four hours while 55 million updates post each twenty-four hours with more than 8 billion proceedingss spent on the website worldwide each. The statistic besides identified that more than 2.5 billion exposures uploaded each month, more than 14 million pictures uploaded each month, more than 30 billion pieces of content, for case web links, intelligence narratives, web log stations, notes, exposures shared each hebdomad, more than 3.5 million events created each month, and more than 45 million active user groups bing. It can be concluded that Facebook is a popular time-consuming activity that doubtless has some impact on college pupil life. Based on survey done by Espinosa, Laffey, Whittaker, and Sheng ( 2006 ) , they investigated the function of engineering in early childhood development utilizing informations from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. From the findings, it indicated that entree contributed to the larning potency of the pupils, but the research workers concerned that parents should promote the educational usage of engineering to better academic accomplishment. Apart from that, harmonizing to Lei and Zhao ( 2005 ) , it was explored that the particulars of entree, admiting that measure is non every bit of import as quality when it comes to engineering usage and pupil accomplishment. Specifically, when the quality of engineering usage is non closely monitored or ensured, computing machine usage may make more injury than good to student accomplishment in school. Hunley et Al. ( 2005 ) identified that there is no relationship found between clip spent on the computing machine at place and GPA in a sample of striplings. Technology was found to hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment, or engineering with educational value. However, Kubey, Lavin and Barrows ( 2001 ) , mentioned that other research workers have found that recreational Internet usage is strongly correlated with impaired academic public presentation. The consequences showed that about 10-15 % of survey participants reported experiencing non being in complete control of their Internet usage, and that it has hurt their school assignment. Furthermore, they besides identified that pupils who reported Internet caused school assignment jobs were found to hold spent five times more hours online than those who did non, and they were besides significantly more likely to describe that their Internet usage caused them to remain up tardily, acquire less slumber, and miss categories. The research workers conclude that it is non so much the Internet that causes these jobs as the new societal chances of the Internet. Students who reported academic jobs were more likely to utilize the Internet for real-time societal activities such as IM and confab suites which lead to them to kip tardily at dark. Karpinski and Duberstein ( 2009 ) on their exploratory study survey identified that there is a negative relationship between FB usage and academic accomplishment as measured by self-reported GPA and hours spent analyzing per hebdomad. Hargittai ( 2009 ) stated that there is no grounds found to turn out the relationship of Facebook use with low academic public presentation. Banquil et Al. ( 2009 ) in their research found that societal networking sites do non bespeak negative effects on a pupil ‘s public presentation in school.2.4 Factors of utilizing the societal networking sites among the pupilsYang and Tung ( 2008 ) stated the Internet nuts normally used the web sit es and SNS because of lower self-pride than non-addicts. They are more confident to pass on or socialise through the Internet instead than face to confront with people. Yap ( 2008 ) identified that, the chief factor of utilizing the SNS is because the users need non pay any fees due to the free rank. Furthermore, it is easy to utilize the SNS whereby the users merely need to subscribe up by make fulling the signifier and active the nexus sent via their electronic mail. The pupils and users besides can post advertizements at that place in order to other members of an event that they are hosting. It is besides an chance for them to do new friends, use them every twenty-four hours to chew the fat, play games and connect with friends, household and aliens.2.5 Utility of the societal networking sites towards pupil public presentationThe SNS map as a communicating tools utilizing the engineering connexion between people from different locations, for case the bing of Facebook is to assist residential college and university pupils identify pupils in other abode halls which besides function as an on-line directory that connects people through societal webs at colleges and universities before it is mostly used worldwide. Harmonizing to Pineda ( 2010 ) , the pupils and SNS users used it to maintain in touch by keeping a profile on these sites, their loved 1s, friends and distant relations which they do non hold to name the users every clip merely to remain in touch with one another. Besides that, the pupils can take advantage to post their sketch and certificates to the companies that advertise vacancy in the SNS. Dalsgaard ( n.d. ) discussed how the societal networking may be utilized within university instruction by pupils sharing information and resources that are originally developed for themselves but made available to others such as utilizing bookmarks, mentions, links, and notes. He stated that societal networking sites are non the new Learning Management Systems. He mentioned that the SNs can be used as a treatment forums and other tools for direct communicating and coaction focal point on direct sharing, societal networking can back up pupils ‘ indirect sharing of resources, ideas, thoughts, productions, Hagiographas, notes and others. It will supply the pupils with an increased consciousness and consciousness of the activities of other pupils. Brady, Holcomb and Smith ( 2010 ) identified that education-based SNSs can be used most efficaciously in distance instruction classs as a technological tool to better on-line communications among pupils in higher distance instruction classs. Harmonizing to Barab and Duffy ( 2000 ) and DeSchryver, Mishra, Koehler and Francis ( 2009 ) , they found that distance instruction classs are frequently more successful when they develop communities of pattern while Anderson ( 2005 ) subsequently added that it is besides encourage high degrees of on-line societal presence among pupils. Brady, Holcomb and Smith ( 2010 ) stated that since the SNS facilitate the sharing of information, the engineerings used in SNSs assistance treatment and make familiarity among on-line pupils, as they have their ability to link and construct community in a socially and educationally constructed web. Besides, the article besides stated that SNS created specifically for an educational audience provides a alone chance for pedagogues to ease a strong sense of community among pupils and promote personal interactions that can take to the creative activity of new cognition and corporate intelligence. Smith ( 2009 ) as cited in Brady, Holcomb and Smith ( 2010 ) stated that, class direction systems ( CMS ) such as Blackboard and Moodle, tend to be much focused and lack the personal touch and networking capacity that SNSs offer. For case, teachers utilizing CMS may make a inquiry in an on-line treatment board and each pupil posts a response. However, these pupil stations are truly non interactions at all, but simply inquiry and reply Sessionss. Using an Tin that is user centered compared to CMS, it has the possible to increase pupil battle. SNSs can actively promote on-line community edifice, widening larning beyond the boundaries of the schoolroom. Bai ( 2003 ) , indicated that societal presence leads to cut down feelings of solitariness and emotionlessness while at the same time encouraging pupil interaction and engagement in online classs.2.6 Conceptual ModelEase of usageStudent public presentation SNS use Utility Moderating Variable Dependent Variable Independent VariablesFigure 1: Conceptual ModelFigure 1 shows the relationship on the consequence of utilizing the societal networking sites ( SNS ) towards pupils ‘ public presentation. This conceptual model is developed by the research worker herself based on the literature reappraisal done and gathered from old surveies. The figure shows that there are two factors that lead to the use of the SNS which are the easiness of usage of the SNS itself and the usefulness the SNS bring to the SNS users. The first factor which is easiness of usage refers to several elements such as in them of the clip response of the SNS, the simple regulations and ordinance apply and may be because of the attractive and simple design of the SNS itself. While, the utility can be defined as the benefits or advantages the users obtain in utilizing the SNS. In this survey it focuses more in the utility of SNS in the pupils ‘ public presentation. Besides that, it shows the relationship between the use of the SNS with the pupils ‘ public presentation. The survey wants to place and find whether there is any important relationship on the use of the SNS in the pupils ‘ public presentation.2.7 DecisionThis literature reappraisal provides the brief thoughts and information sing the issues on whether there is any relationship between the uses of the SNS towards pupils ‘ public presentation. It provides findings done by the old research workers on the similar subject and all the supports has been included and further revision in this chapter 2. The following chapter will discourse on the methodological analysis that will be used in the survey. The elaborate information sing the methodological analysis will be farther discussed in the Chapter 3.